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This is the first book to explore the emergence and function of a novel pictorial format in the Middle Ages, the vita icon, which displayed the magnified portrait of a saint framed by scenes from his or her life. The vita icon was used for depicting the most popular figures in the Orthodox calendar and, in the Latin West, was deployed most vigorously in the service of Francis of Assisi. This book offers a compelling account of how this type of image embodied and challenged the prevailing structures of vision, representation and sanctity in Byzantium and among the Franciscans in Italy between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. Paroma Chatterjee uncovers the complexities of the philosophical and theological issues that had long engaged both the medieval East and West, such as the fraught relations between words and images, relics and icons, a representation and its subject, and the very nature of holy presence.

Painting --- Iconography --- anno 1100-1199 --- anno 1200-1299 --- anno 1000-1099 --- Istanbul [city] --- Italy --- Christian saints in art --- Vita icons --- Painting, Byzantine --- Painting, Italian --- Saints chrétiens dans l'art --- Icônes biographiques --- Peinture byzantine --- Peinture italienne --- History. --- Histoire --- Francis, --- Art --- Saints chrétiens dans l'art --- Icônes biographiques --- Art. --- Biographical icons --- Icons --- Icons [Byzantine ] --- Icon painting --- Saints --- Iconographie --- Icônes --- Art byzantin --- Italie

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In 1482, the Florentine humanist and statesman Francesco Berlinghieri produced the Geographia, a book of over one hundred folio leaves describing the world in Italian verse, inspired by the ancient Greek geography of Ptolemy. The poem, divided into seven books (one for each day of the week the author "travels" the known world), is interleaved with lavishly engraved maps to accompany readers on this journey. Sean Roberts demonstrates that the Geographia represents the moment of transition between printing and manuscript culture, while forming a critical base for the rise of modern cartography. Simultaneously, the use of the Geographia as a diplomatic gift from Florence to the Ottoman Empire tells another story. This exchange expands our understanding of Mediterranean politics, European perceptions of the Ottomans, and Ottoman interest in mapping and print. The envoy to the Sultan represented the aspirations of the Florentine state, which chose not to bestow some other highly valued good, such as the city's renowned textiles, but instead the best example of what Florentine visual, material, and intellectual culture had to offer.

Cartography --- Cartography, Primitive --- Chartography --- Map-making --- Mapmaking --- Mapping (Cartography) --- Mathematical geography --- Surveying --- Map projection --- Maps --- History --- Berlinghieri, Francesco, --- Ptolemy, --- Europe --- Turkey --- Ottoman Empire --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- 912 "14" --- 912 <45> --- Cartografie. Kaarten. Plattegronden. Atlassen--15e eeuw. Periode 1400-1499 --- Cartografie. Kaarten. Plattegronden. Atlassen--Italië --- Geodesy. Cartography --- Graphic arts --- Berlinghieri, Francesco --- Florence --- Istanbul [city] --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918

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Using a wealth of contemporary Ottoman sources, this book recreates the social history of Istanbul, a huge, cosmopolitan metropolis and imperial capital of the Ottoman Empire. Seat of the Sultan and an opulent international emporium, Istanbul was also a city of violence shaken regularly by natural disasters and by the turmoil of sultanic politics and violent revolt. Its inhabitants, entertained by imperial festivities and cared for by the great pious foundations which touched every aspect of their lives, also amused themselves in the numerous pleasure gardens and the many public baths of the city. While the book is focused on Istanbul, it presents a broad picture of Ottoman society, how it was structured and how it developed and transformed across four centuries. As such, the book offers an exciting alternative to the more traditional histories of the Ottoman Empire.

Istanbul (Turkey) --- Turkey --- History of Southern Europe --- Istanbul [city] --- Ottoman Empire --- Stamboul (Turkey) --- Stampōl (Turkey) --- Stambul (Turkey) --- Stěmpol (Turkey) --- T︠S︡arigrad (Turkey) --- Istāmbūl (Turkey) --- T︠S︡arʹgrad (Turkey) --- Āsitānah (Turkey) --- Ḳushṭa (Turkey) --- İstanbul Büyük Şehir Belediyesi (Turkey) --- Greater Istanbul Municipality (Turkey) --- İstanbul Anakent Belediyesi (Turkey) --- İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (Turkey) --- Polē (Turkey) --- Estambul (Turkey) --- Baladīyat Isṭānbūl (Turkey) --- Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (Turkey) --- Constantinople --- History. --- Social conditions. --- History --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1800-1999 --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918 --- Arts and Humanities

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Gaining Freedoms reveals a new locus for global political change: everyday urban contestation. Cities are often assumed hotbeds of socio-economic division, but this assessment overlooks the importance of urban space and the everyday activities of urban life for empowerment, emancipation, and democratization. Through proximity, neighborhoods, streets, and squares can create unconventional power contestations over lifestyle and consumption. And through struggle, negotiation, and cooperation, competing claims across groups can become platforms to defend freedom and rights from government encroachments. Drawing on more than seven years of fieldwork in three contested urban sites—a downtown neighborhood and a university campus in Istanbul, and a Turkish neighborhood in Berlin—Berna Turam shows how democratic contestation echoes through urban space. Countering common assumptions that Turkey is strongly polarized between Islamists and secularists, she illustrates how contested urban space encourages creative politics, the kind of politics that advance rights, expression, and representation shared between pious and secular groups. Exceptional moments of protest, like the recent Gezi protests which bookend this study, offer clear external signs of upheaval and disruption, but it is the everyday contestation and interaction that forge alliances and inspire change. Ultimately, Turam argues that the process of democratization is not the reduction of conflict, but rather the capacity to form new alliances out of conflict.

Political participation --- Social conflict --- Public spaces --- Turks --- Political aspects --- Politics and government --- Istanbul (Turkey) --- Kreuzberg (Berlin, Germany) --- Social conditions --- Social change --- Community organization --- Sociology of culture --- Istanbul [city] --- Berlin --- Sociology of environment --- Istanbul (Turkey) -- Politics and government -- 21st century. --- Istanbul (Turkey) -- Social conditions -- 21st century. --- Political participation -- Turkey -- Istanbul. --- Public spaces -- Political aspects -- Germany -- Berlin. --- Public spaces -- Political aspects -- Turkey -- Istanbul. --- Social conflict -- Germany -- Berlin. --- Social conflict -- Turkey -- Istanbul. --- Turks -- Germany -- Berlin -- Politics and government. --- Government - Non-U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Government - Asia --- Public places --- Social areas --- Urban public spaces --- Urban spaces --- Cities and towns --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Citizen participation --- Community action --- Community involvement --- Community participation --- Involvement, Community --- Mass political behavior --- Participation, Citizen --- Participation, Community --- Participation, Political --- Political activity --- Political behavior --- Political rights --- Social participation --- Political activists --- Politics, Practical --- Turkish people --- Ethnology --- Turkic peoples --- Kreuzberg, Ger. (Verwaltungsbezirk) --- Bezirksverwaltung Kreuzberg --- Berlin-Kreuzberg (Berlin, Germany) --- Stamboul (Turkey) --- Stampōl (Turkey) --- Stambul (Turkey) --- Stěmpol (Turkey) --- T︠S︡arigrad (Turkey) --- Istāmbūl (Turkey) --- T︠S︡arʹgrad (Turkey) --- Āsitānah (Turkey) --- Ḳushṭa (Turkey) --- İstanbul Büyük Şehir Belediyesi (Turkey) --- Greater Istanbul Municipality (Turkey) --- İstanbul Anakent Belediyesi (Turkey) --- İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (Turkey) --- Polē (Turkey) --- Estambul (Turkey) --- Baladīyat Isṭānbūl (Turkey) --- Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (Turkey) --- Constantinople --- Political participation - Turkey - Istanbul --- Social conflict - Turkey - Istanbul --- Public spaces - Political aspects - Turkey - Istanbul --- Turks - Germany - Berlin - Politics and government --- Social conflict - Germany - Berlin --- Public spaces - Political aspects - Germany - Berlin --- Istanbul (Turkey) - Politics and government - 21st century --- Istanbul (Turkey) - Social conditions - 21st century